At the second stage (1965-1969), things went much better. Of the five Pioneer spacecraft, four entered pre-defined circumsolar orbits between the orbits of Earth and Venus or between the orbits of Earth and Mars. Moreover, the duration of their active existence was calculated for 6 months, but they have been operating for several years. They are equipped with magnetometers, detectors of solar plasma, cosmic radiation of solar and galactic origin, and meteor particles. In this case, trajectory measurement data is used to clarify the astronomical unit, the ratio of the masses of the Earth and the Moon, the shape and orientation of the orbits of the planets. They also serve to conduct experiments to detect the effects predicted by the theory of relativity. But their main purpose is to warn about solar flares in advance, which is important, in particular, for predicting the radiation situation when planning flights of manned spacecraft. Four spacecraft launched into orbit during the second stage of the Pioneer program are on radiation watch in different areas of the near-solar space. They provide particularly valuable information when they are behind the Sun. During these periods, it is possible to register phenomena on the currently invisible hemisphere of the Sun from Earth. There is a real possibility of long-term forecasting of the radiation situation near the Earth.
Having overcome the asteroid belt, they must pass at a distance of 150,000-500,000 km from the surface of Jupiter, probe and photograph the planet. The chosen distance from the planet should avoid damage to the onboard equipment in the radiation belts of Jupiter. Future flights are given great importance, as they should pave the way for researchers of the distant planets of the solar system. Launching expensive and complex spacecraft under the Grand Tour program is impractical until it is clarified what dangers lie in wait for them in the asteroid belt, what is the effect of the radiation belt and the magnetosphere of Jupiter, etc. Relatively simple Pioneer devices will be sent to exploration, which, if successfully completed, will be able to justify their binding name. 1xBet Sports & Casino Bonus. Use the 1xbet promo code today to claim a 130% bonus up to $130 on your first deposit. Sports bettors get extra funds for betting on football, tennis, or esports. Casino lovers receive free spins and deposit matches for slots like Book of Dead. Minimum deposit is $1. Wagering requirements are 5x for sports and 50x for casino. Limited-time offer. Verify your account to withdraw winnings. New players only. Grab your bonus now and boost your wins with 1xBet.